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Sahih al-Bukhari 5088 (Book 67, Hadith 26) #4872
The Islamic Ruling on Adoption

SUMMARY: Adoption was a common practice in pre-Islamic times, but when Allah revealed the verses of the Quran, it was made clear that adopted children should be called by their father's name and not the adoptive father's.

Narrated 'Aisha: Abu Hudhaifa bin 'Utba bin Rabi'a bin 'Abdi Shams who had witnessed the battle of Badr along with the Prophet ﷺ adopted Salim as his son, to whom he married his niece, Hind bint Al-Walid bin 'Utba bin Rabi'a; and Salim was the freed slave of an Ansar woman, just as the Prophet ﷺ had adopted Zaid as his son. It was the custom in the Pre-lslamic Period that if somebody adopted a boy, the people would call him the son of the adoptive father and he would be the latter's heir. But when Allah revealed the Divine Verses: 'Call them by (the names of) their fathers . . . your freed-slaves,' (33.5) the adopted persons were called by their fathers' names. The one whose father was not known, would be regarded as a Maula and your brother in religion. Later on Sahla bint Suhail bin 'Amr Al-Quraishi Al-'Amiri-- and she was the wife of Abu- Hudhaifa bin 'Utba--came to the Prophet ﷺ and said, "O Allah's Messenger ﷺ! We used to consider Salim as our (adopted) son, and now Allah has revealed what you know (regarding adopted sons)". The sub-narrator then mentioned the rest of the narration.
حَدَّثَنَا أَبُو الْيَمَانِ، أَخْبَرَنَا شُعَيْبٌ، عَنِ الزُّهْرِيِّ، قَالَ أَخْبَرَنِي عُرْوَةُ بْنُ الزُّبَيْرِ، عَنْ عَائِشَةَ ـ رضى الله عنها ـ أَنَّ أَبَا حُذَيْفَةَ بْنَ عُتْبَةَ بْنِ رَبِيعَةَ بْنِ عَبْدِ شَمْسٍ،، وَكَانَ، مِمَّنْ شَهِدَ بَدْرًا مَعَ النَّبِيِّ ﷺ تَبَنَّى سَالِمًا، وَأَنْكَحَهُ بِنْتَ أَخِيهِ هِنْدَ بِنْتَ الْوَلِيدِ بْنِ عُتْبَةَ بْنِ رَبِيعَةَ وَهْوَ مَوْلًى لاِمْرَأَةٍ مِنَ الأَنْصَارِ، كَمَا تَبَنَّى النَّبِيُّ ﷺ زَيْدًا، وَكَانَ مَنْ تَبَنَّى رَجُلاً فِي الْجَاهِلِيَّةِ دَعَاهُ النَّاسُ إِلَيْهِ وَوَرِثَ مِنْ مِيرَاثِهِ حَتَّى أَنْزَلَ اللَّهُ ‏{‏ادْعُوهُمْ لآبَائِهِمْ‏}‏ إِلَى قَوْلِهِ ‏{‏وَمَوَالِيكُمْ‏}‏ فَرُدُّوا إِلَى آبَائِهِمْ، فَمَنْ لَمْ يُعْلَمْ لَهُ أَبٌ كَانَ مَوْلًى وَأَخًا فِي الدِّينِ، فَجَاءَتْ سَهْلَةُ بِنْتُ سُهَيْلِ بْنِ عَمْرٍو الْقُرَشِيِّ ثُمَّ الْعَامِرِيِّ ـ وَهْىَ امْرَأَةُ أَبِي حُذَيْفَةَ ـ النَّبِيَّ ﷺ فَقَالَتْ يَا رَسُولَ اللَّهِ إِنَّا كُنَّا نَرَى سَالِمًا وَلَدًا وَقَدْ أَنْزَلَ اللَّهُ فِيهِ مَا قَدْ عَلِمْتَ فَذَكَرَ الْحَدِيثَ‏.‏
TOPICS
adoption  *  verses  *  period  *  maula

QUICK LESSONS:
Follow Islamic rulings even if they go against societal norms ; Know one's true lineage ; Receive rightful inheritance from ancestors ; Respect family history ; Follow religious teachings over societal customs .

EXPLANATIONS:
In pre-Islamic times, adoption was a common practice. People would adopt children and they would be known as the son of their adoptive father. However, when Allah revealed verses from the Quran regarding adoption, it became clear that adopted children should be called by their biological fathers' names instead of their adoptive fathers'. This is because Allah wanted to make sure that everyone knew who their real parents were so they could receive inheritance from them. Sahla bint Suhail bin 'Amr Al-Quraishi Al-'Amiri came to Prophet Muhammad (ﷺ) with her husband Abu Hudhaifa bin 'Utba to ask about this ruling since they had adopted Salim as their son before this revelation. Prophet Muhammad (ﷺ) explained to them that according to Islam, adopted children should be called by their biological fathers' names instead of those of their adoptive parents'. This hadith teaches us about how important it is for us to know our true lineage and family history so we can receive our rightful inheritance from our ancestors. It also shows us how important it is for us to follow Islamic rulings even if they go against what we are used to doing or what society tells us is right.

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